What does a pressure sterilizer typically use for sterilization?

A pressure sterilizer typically uses steam under pressure for the sterilization process due to its effectiveness at killing microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses. The use of steam allows for the transfer of heat in a moist environment, which penetrates materials quickly and efficiently. When steam is forced into a sealed chamber under high pressure, the temperature increases beyond 100°C, creating an environment that is particularly hostile to pathogens.

The method works by utilizing the high temperature and pressure to denature proteins and disrupt cellular structures of the microorganisms, leading to their destruction. Because of its reliability, pressure sterilization is commonly employed in medical and laboratory settings for autoclaving surgical instruments, culture media, and other items that require complete sterilization.

Other methods mentioned, such as hot air, UV light, and chemical agents, have their uses but do not provide the same level of thorough and rapid sterilization as steam under pressure. Hot air sterilization is less effective for items that are heat-sensitive. UV light can disinfect surfaces but does not provide deep penetration, making it less effective in some scenarios. Chemical agents require longer exposure times and specific conditions to be effective, making steam under pressure the preferred method in many instances.